Membranes for Water Treatment

Preface§FUNDAMENTALS OF FOULING§Introduction§Concentration Boundary Layer§Modeling Ultrafiltration in the Absence of Fouling§Modeling Membrane Filtration in the Presence of Fouling§Fouling Overview: its Nature and Key Influences§Modeling of Fouling§Prevention and Reduction of Fouling§Reverse Osmosis and Fouling§Fouling in Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration§Fouling in Pervaporation and Gas Separation§Concluding Remarks§BIOFOULING IN MEMBRANE SYSTEMS§Introduction§Biofouling: Definition, Formation, and Impact on Membrane Performance§Assessment, Visualization, and Monitoring§Strategies for Controlling Biofouling§Future Developments and Conclusion§CURRENT AND EMERGING MEMBRANE PROCESSES FOR WATER TREATMENT§Introduction§Global Assessment and Forecast of the Water Treatment Membrane Market§Membrane Products and Processes§Membrane Fouling§Membrane Process Integration in Water Treatment§Conclusions§INTEGRATED MEMBRANE SYSTEMS FOR DESALINATION§Introduction§Process Intensification Strategy§Potential of Membrane Processes in Desalination Schemes§Integrated Membrane Systems for Water Treatment§Cost Analysis§Conclusions§SEAWATER AND BRACKISH-WATER DESALINATION WITH MEMBRANE OPERATIONS§Introduction: The Need for Water§Membrane Techniques in Water Treatment§Reverse-Osmosis Desalination: Process and Costs§Treatment of Sewage and Polluted Water§Fouling and Prevention§R&D Directions§Summary§WATER TREATMENT IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY§Introduction§Process Waters and Effluents in the Pulp and Paper Industry§Important Membrane Characteristics§Operational Parameters Affecting Filtration Efficiency§Examples of Industrial Applications§Purfication of Freshwater§Concentrate Treatment and Disposal§Research Trends and Future§MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS§Introduction§Membranes in Wastewater Treatment§Membrane Bioreactor Configurations§Commercialization of the MBR Process§Summary§§